我们考虑带有背包的土匪（从此以后，BWK），这是一种在供应/预算限制下的多臂土匪的通用模型。特别是，强盗算法需要解决一个众所周知的背包问题：找到最佳的物品包装到有限尺寸的背包中。 BWK问题是众多激励示例的普遍概括，范围从动态定价到重复拍卖，再到动态AD分配，再到网络路由和调度。尽管BWK的先前工作集中在随机版本上，但我们开创了可以在对手身上选择结果的另一个极端。与随机版本和“经典”对抗土匪相比，这是一个更加困难的问题，因为遗憾的最小化不再可行。相反，目的是最大程度地减少竞争比率：基准奖励与算法奖励的比率。我们设计了一种具有竞争比O（log t）的算法，相对于动作的最佳固定分布，其中T是时间范围；我们还证明了一个匹配的下限。关键的概念贡献是对问题的随机版本的新观点。我们为随机版本提出了一种新的算法，该算法是基于重复游戏中遗憾最小化的框架，并且与先前的工作相比，它具有更简单的分析。然后，我们为对抗版本分析此算法，并将其用作求解后者的子例程。

We address the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation when the source domain differs from the target domain because of a shift in the distribution of a latent subgroup. When this subgroup confounds all observed data, neither covariate shift nor label shift assumptions apply. We show that the optimal target predictor can be non-parametrically identified with the help of concept and proxy variables available only in the source domain, and unlabeled data from the target. The identification results are constructive, immediately suggesting an algorithm for estimating the optimal predictor in the target. For continuous observations, when this algorithm becomes impractical, we propose a latent variable model specific to the data generation process at hand. We show how the approach degrades as the size of the shift changes, and verify that it outperforms both covariate and label shift adjustment.

Modal verbs (e.g., "can", "should", or "must") occur highly frequently in scientific articles. Decoding their function is not straightforward: they are often used for hedging, but they may also denote abilities and restrictions. Understanding their meaning is important for various NLP tasks such as writing assistance or accurate information extraction from scientific text. To foster research on the usage of modals in this genre, we introduce the MIST (Modals In Scientific Text) dataset, which contains 3737 modal instances in five scientific domains annotated for their semantic, pragmatic, or rhetorical function. We systematically evaluate a set of competitive neural architectures on MIST. Transfer experiments reveal that leveraging non-scientific data is of limited benefit for modeling the distinctions in MIST. Our corpus analysis provides evidence that scientific communities differ in their usage of modal verbs, yet, classifiers trained on scientific data generalize to some extent to unseen scientific domains.

Human operators in human-robot teams are commonly perceived to be critical for mission success. To explore the direct and perceived impact of operator input on task success and team performance, 16 real-world missions (10 hrs) were conducted based on the DARPA Subterranean Challenge. These missions were to deploy a heterogeneous team of robots for a search task to locate and identify artifacts such as climbing rope, drills and mannequins representing human survivors. Two conditions were evaluated: human operators that could control the robot team with state-of-the-art autonomy (Human-Robot Team) compared to autonomous missions without human operator input (Robot-Autonomy). Human-Robot Teams were often in directed autonomy mode (70% of mission time), found more items, traversed more distance, covered more unique ground, and had a higher time between safety-related events. Human-Robot Teams were faster at finding the first artifact, but slower to respond to information from the robot team. In routine conditions, scores were comparable for artifacts, distance, and coverage. Reasons for intervention included creating waypoints to prioritise high-yield areas, and to navigate through error-prone spaces. After observing robot autonomy, operators reported increases in robot competency and trust, but that robot behaviour was not always transparent and understandable, even after high mission performance.

Advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have inspired new directions in intelligent automation of network defense. However, many of these advancements have either outpaced their application to network security or have not considered the challenges associated with implementing them in the real-world. To understand these problems, this work evaluates several RL approaches implemented in the second edition of the CAGE Challenge, a public competition to build an autonomous network defender agent in a high-fidelity network simulator. Our approaches all build on the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) family of algorithms, and include hierarchical RL, action masking, custom training, and ensemble RL. We find that the ensemble RL technique performs strongest, outperforming our other models and taking second place in the competition. To understand applicability to real environments we evaluate each method's ability to generalize to unseen networks and against an unknown attack strategy. In unseen environments, all of our approaches perform worse, with degradation varied based on the type of environmental change. Against an unknown attacker strategy, we found that our models had reduced overall performance even though the new strategy was less efficient than the ones our models trained on. Together, these results highlight promising research directions for autonomous network defense in the real world.

Artificial intelligence methods including deep neural networks (DNN) can provide rapid molecular classification of tumors from routine histology with accuracy that matches or exceeds human pathologists. Discerning how neural networks make their predictions remains a significant challenge, but explainability tools help provide insights into what models have learned when corresponding histologic features are poorly defined. Here, we present a method for improving explainability of DNN models using synthetic histology generated by a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We show that cGANs generate high-quality synthetic histology images that can be leveraged for explaining DNN models trained to classify molecularly-subtyped tumors, exposing histologic features associated with molecular state. Fine-tuning synthetic histology through class and layer blending illustrates nuanced morphologic differences between tumor subtypes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of synthetic histology for augmenting pathologist-in-training education, showing that these intuitive visualizations can reinforce and improve understanding of histologic manifestations of tumor biology.

适当的评估和实验设计对于经验科学是基础，尤其是在数据驱动领域。例如，由于语言的计算建模成功，研究成果对最终用户产生了越来越直接的影响。随着最终用户采用差距的减少，需求增加了，以确保研究社区和从业者开发的工具和模型可靠，可信赖，并且支持用户的目标。在该立场论文中，我们专注于评估视觉文本分析方法的问题。我们从可视化和自然语言处理社区中采用跨学科的角度，因为我们认为，视觉文本分析的设计和验证包括超越计算或视觉/交互方法的问题。我们确定了四个关键的挑战群，用于评估视觉文本分析方法（数据歧义，实验设计，用户信任和“大局”问题），并从跨学科的角度为研究机会提供建议。

对制造工艺的机器化的需求很大，因此单调劳动。一些需要特定技能的制造任务（焊接，绘画等）缺乏工人。机器人已在这些任务中使用，但是它们的灵活性受到限制，因为它们仍然很难通过非专家编程/重新编程，从而使它们无法访问大多数公司。机器人离线编程（OLP）是可靠的。但是，直接来自CAD/CAM的生成路径不包括代表人类技能的相关参数，例如机器人最终效应器的方向和速度。本文提出了一个直观的机器人编程系统，以捕捉人类制造技能并将其转变为机器人程序。使用连接到工作工具的磁跟踪系统记录人类熟练工人的演示。收集的数据包括工作路径的方向和速度。位置数据是从CAD/CAM中提取的，因为磁跟踪器捕获时的误差很明显。路径姿势在笛卡尔空间中转换，并在模拟环境中进行验证。生成机器人程序并将其转移到真正的机器人。关于玻璃粘合剂应用过程的实验证明了拟议框架捕获人类技能并将其转移到机器人方面的使用和有效性的直觉。

机器学习应用在我们的社会中变得越来越普遍。由于这些决策系统依赖于数据驱动的学习，因此风险是它们会系统地传播嵌入数据中的偏见。在本文中，我们建议通过引入一个框架来生成具有特定类型偏差及其组合的综合数据的框架来分析偏见。我们深入研究了这些偏见的性质，讨论了它们与道德和正义框架的关系。最后，我们利用我们提出的合成数据生成器在不同的情况下进行不同的偏置组合进行实验。因此，我们分析了偏见对未经降低和缓解机器学习模型的性能和公平度量的影响。

键形提取是NLP中文档理解的重要任务之一。虽然大多数先前的作品都致力于正式设置，例如书籍，新闻或网络博客，但探索视频成绩单等非正式文本的探索较少。为了解决这一局限性，在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新颖的语料库和方法，用于从Behance平台上流的视频的成绩单中提取钥匙短语。更具体地说，在这项工作中，提出了一种新型的数据增强，以通过从其他域中提取键形提取任务的背景知识来丰富模型。提出的数据集数据集上的广泛实验显示了引入方法的有效性。